International and hreflang

Per-hint hreflang fixtures covering the three declaration channels, reciprocity checking, the standard failure modes, and RTL documents.

Minimal, self-contained hreflang fixtures under /tests/international/. Each mini-cluster isolates one behaviour so every error fires in exactly one intended direction. The typed registry holds the authoritative alternate sets, header values, and statuses; this page only explains the families.

Declaration channels

• Cluster A (/tests/international/cluster-a/…) — a five-page reciprocal cluster (en, de, fr, es, x-default) declaring all five alternates via <link rel="alternate" hreflang> head elements.
• Cluster B (/tests/international/cluster-b/…) — a two-page reciprocal en/de cluster whose alternates arrive only in the HTTP Link response header; the head deliberately carries none.
• Cluster C (/tests/international/cluster-c/…) — a two-page en/de cluster whose alternates exist only as xhtml:link entries in the fixture sitemap at /tests/international/cluster-c/sitemap.xml.

Broken fixtures

Each variant is a closed mini-cluster that never references the correct clusters:

• Missing reciprocity — page a declares b, but b never declares a back.
• Alternate target 404 — the declared German alternate answers HTTP 404.
• Alternate target 301 — the declared German alternate 301-redirects to a final URL.
• Invalid language codes — the literal values en-UK and english beside a valid en entry.
• Multiple x-default — two x-default declarations with different hrefs.
• Language signal conflict — html lang="en" against a Content-Language: de header.
• Mixed-locale canonical — a German cluster member canonicalised to its English counterpart.

RTL documents

Standalone Arabic and Hebrew pages with dir="rtl", native-script paragraphs, and ASCII fixture markers.

Fixtures in this category

• Hreflang cluster A — English — cluster-a-en (safe)
• Hreflang cluster A — Deutsch — cluster-a-de (safe)
• Hreflang cluster A — Français — cluster-a-fr (safe)
• Hreflang cluster A — Español — cluster-a-es (safe)
• Hreflang cluster A — language selector — cluster-a-x-default (safe)
• Hreflang cluster B — English (Link header) — http-link-hreflang (safe)
• Hreflang cluster B — Deutsch (Link header) — http-link-hreflang-de (safe)
• Hreflang cluster C — English (sitemap channel) — xml-sitemap-hreflang-en (safe)
• Hreflang cluster C — Deutsch (sitemap channel) — xml-sitemap-hreflang-de (safe)
• Hreflang cluster C — xhtml:link fixture sitemap — xml-sitemap-hreflang (safe)
• Hreflang broken — missing reciprocal, declaring side — missing-reciprocal-a (moderate)
• Hreflang broken — missing reciprocal, silent side — missing-reciprocal-b (moderate)
• Hreflang broken — alternate target returns 404 — hreflang-target-404 (moderate)
• Hreflang broken — alternate target redirects — hreflang-target-301 (moderate)
• Hreflang broken — invalid language codes — invalid-language-code (moderate)
• Hreflang broken — multiple x-default declarations — multiple-x-default (moderate)
• Hreflang broken — html lang vs Content-Language conflict — html-lang-content-language-conflict (moderate)
• Hreflang broken — German page canonicalised to English — mixed-locale-canonical (moderate)
• Hreflang broken — the self-canonical English counterpart — mixed-locale-canonical-en (safe)
• RTL fixture — Arabic — rtl-arabic-page (safe)
• RTL fixture — Hebrew — rtl-hebrew-page (safe)

Back to the fixture index